Docker (and Docker Desktop) is not the only way to run containers on Windows. One of the alternatives that have emerged in later years is Podman. Today Podman provides almost full compatibility with docker.
Just like you can run a .NET Console application in a Docker Container, you can also run a ASP.NET Core application in a Docker Container. I think .NET Core might even be a better candidate for containerization.
Got an opportunity to talk on Lighthouse Roadshow Dublin edition. In the second session me and a colleague discussed how easy it is to run and monitor Kubernetes in Azure.